论汉长安城、都、县的地理空间

(首都师范大学 历史学院,北京 100089)

汉长安城; 都城; 汉长安县; 时空结构

On the Geographical Space of Chang'an as a City, a Capital and a County in the Han Dynasty
DAI Jian-lei

(School of History, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100089, China)

Chang'an City in the Han Dynasty; capital; Chang'an County in the Han Dynasty; space-time structure

DOI: 10.15986/j.1008-7192.2021.01.003

备注

汉长安,本身蕴含城、都、县的三层地理概念,三者相互联系且各自发展。汉五年,都城选址与置县完成,出现汉长安县、都长安的地理概念。汉五年至七年,长安县与新城县并立,后复至秦咸阳县范围。惠帝五年,当城墙闭合后,汉长安城的空间范围被固定下来。长安城因“都”的政治特性成为三辅与长安县的共同治所,县域面积受其影响,不断减少。惠帝至新莽时期,建章宫、城南建筑与中轴线的突显,体现不同时期都城空间与制度文化的演变。东汉长安城存续,“都”的性质丧失致使城市本身的政治职能程度下降,三辅各治其城,长安县也恢复至地跨渭河南北的地域形态。
Chang'an in the Han dynasty contains three geographical concepts of city, capital and county, which interrelate with each other but develop respectively. The geographical concept of Chang'an as a county and a capital stems from the site selection of capital and the establishment of county in the fifth year of the Han Dynasty. From the fifth year to the seventh year of Han Dynasty Chang'an County incorporated with Xingcheng County and covered the range of Xianyang County of the Qing Dynasty. After the enclosure of city wall in the fifth year of Emperor Hui, the space scope of Chang'an City was fixed. Due to its political characteristics as a “capital”, Chang'an City was under the joint jurisdiction of Sanfu(the capital area and environs governed by three officials)and Chang'an County as well, hence the reduction of county area. During the period from Emperor Hui to Wang Mang, the conspicuous architecture such as Jianzhang Palace, buildings in the south of the city and the urban central axis reflected the evolution of the space of capital city and the institutional culture in different periods. Though Chang'an City survived in the Eastern Han Dynasty the loss of the “capital” nature led to the decline of the city's political functions and thus Sanfu officials administrated their territories respectively. As a result, the location area of Chang'an County was narrowed down to the north and south of Weihe River.