In the late Ming and the early Qing Dynasties, “the academic missionary work” by western missionaries in China opened a window for China to understand and learn the world's science and technology. The measurement science and technology changed the Chinese philosophy of “the orbicular sky and rectangular earth” that has been stuck to for thousands of years, shaken up the method of map drawing by scale that Chinese ancient cartography used, and assisted China to complete the world-leading national geodetic survey. By combing the surveying and mapping technology activities conducted by western missionaries in China during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, this paper summarizes China's surveying and mapping technology development before and after their academic missionary works. With comparative analysis, it is pointed out that the scientific missionary activities of western missionaries in the late Ming and the early Qing Dynasties promoted the progress of China's ancient surveying and mapping technology. Unfortunately, this boost is limited, for the introduced measuring techniques and tools in the process of “the eastward transmission of western sciences” have not been widely adopted and inherited.