论马克思关于法律性质的思想

(中国社会科学院 新中国历史经验研究中心,北京 100732)

马克思; 阶级斗争; 私有制; 法治演化; 法治建设

On Marx's Thought about the Legal Nature
SUN Quan-sheng

(New China Historical Experience Research Center, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing 100732, China)

Marx; class struggle; private ownership; evolution of the rule of law; construction of the rule of law

DOI: 10.15986/j.1008-7192.2023.01.001

备注

马克思用历史唯物主义考察了法律的产生、本质和功能,让法哲学转向唯物主义,改变了其既定的发展方向,建立了系统性的关于法律性质的观点。在法律的本质上,法律是受物质生产条件决定的,是统治阶级将本阶级的集体意志上升为国家意志的产物,从而让法律成为国家的普遍价值形态; 在法律的发展动力上,法律具有阶级性,意味着只能维护统治阶级的利益,必然导致统治阶级和被统治阶级产生根本利益上的冲突。无产阶级要用革命斗争推翻现存的社会制度及法律; 在法治演化逻辑上,法律的演进是物质生产决定的,生产力的进步会推动政治革命,政治革命对生产关系的改变,必然让法律的内容和形式发生改变。阶级斗争推动的法律变革运动集中体现为无产阶级法律代替资产阶级的法律,这是法治文明的进步。无产阶级要采用暴力革命打破资本主义法律,建立社会主义法律,也要适应全球化时代对自由、平等的追求。
With historical materialism, Marx examined the generation, nature and function of law and turned legalphilosophy towards materialism, which changes its settled development direction and establishes a systematic view of the nature of law. Essentially, the law is determined by material production conditions, and it is the product ofthe ruling class to elevate the collective will of its class into the national will, merely to make the law the universal value form of the state. In terms of the driving force for development, the class nature of law means that only the in-terests of the ruling class can be maintained, which inevitably leads to a conflict of fundamental interests betweenthe ruling class and the ruled classes. It is therefore crucial for the proletariat to overthrow the existing social sys-tems and laws through revolutionary struggle. From the perspective of the evolutionary logic of the rule of law, theevolution of the law is determined by material production, and the progress of the productive forces will promote thepolitical revolution, which surely changes not only the productive relations but also the form and contents of thelaw. The legal reform movement promoted by the class struggle epitomizes the substitution of proletarian laws forbourgeois laws and the civilization progress of the rule of law. The proletariat should break the law of bourgeoisie byviolent revolution and establish the law of socialism, and adapt it to the pursuit of freedom and equality in the ageof globalization as well.
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